An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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