A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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