A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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