RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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