Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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