Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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