A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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