Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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