By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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