While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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