Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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