For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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