One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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