Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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