In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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