Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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