The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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