In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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