The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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