A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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