A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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