The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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