A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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