Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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