A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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