As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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