As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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