Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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