One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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