Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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