Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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