One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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