A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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