Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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