Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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