Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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