Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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