A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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