Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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