Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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