An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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