Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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