Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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