An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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