Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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