While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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