The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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