As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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