When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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