As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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