Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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