Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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