Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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