In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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