In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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