In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin