Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin