In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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