In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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