In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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