In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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