In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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