In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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