In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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