Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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