(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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