An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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