The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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