Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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