A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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