A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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