In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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