One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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