Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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