A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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