Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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