The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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