“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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