The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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