“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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