Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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