Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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