Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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