Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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