Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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