A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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