Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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