A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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