Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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