The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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