Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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