pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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