Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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