RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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