RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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