By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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