The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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