The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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