Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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