The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin