By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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