A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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