A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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