This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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