The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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