It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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