As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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