Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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