Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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