As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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