A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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