A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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