A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin