Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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