Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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