One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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