Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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