Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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