The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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