A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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