An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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