Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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