Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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