Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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