Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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