Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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