Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin