Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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