An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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