Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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