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Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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