Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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