Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin