A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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