In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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