The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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