(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin