One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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