The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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