Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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