In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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