Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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