RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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