RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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