RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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