RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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