RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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