RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin