Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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