Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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