Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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