A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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