The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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