When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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