To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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