A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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