A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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