Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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