Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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