Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin