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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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