Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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