A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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