A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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