Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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