Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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