“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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