“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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