Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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