In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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