“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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