Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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