Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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