Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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