Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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