Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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