To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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