Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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