Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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