In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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