As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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