A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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