Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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