Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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