Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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