Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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