At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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