A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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