Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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