Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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