Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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