Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin