As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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