Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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