The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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