Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin