Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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