The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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